基因编辑的类器官揭示了致命的脑癌如何生长

多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)是一种致命的脑癌,它对黑匣子提出了严峻的挑战。几乎不可能观察到这些肿瘤在其自然环境中如何运作,而动物模型并不总是能提供良好的答案。

但是现在,Salk研究所的研究人员已朝着应对这一挑战迈出了重要的一步。通过编辑人类大脑类器官的仅几个细胞中的两个基因,Verma实验室的科学家就产生了侵袭性GBM肿瘤。该新模型可用于研究肿瘤进展,研究新药甚至为患者提供个性化治疗。该研究于2018年4月24日发表在《细胞报告》杂志上。

困扰临床试验的问题之一通常是,对动物有效的药物对人无效。研究人员试图通过使用异种移植来克服这一问题,在异种移植中,将患者肿瘤组织植入动物模型中,但是这种方法有其自身的问题。有时,人体肿瘤组织不足以进行研究,并且随着时间的流逝,肿瘤会适应他们的新家。

“随着小鼠体内肿瘤的生长,环境改变了肿瘤的特征,” Salk高级研究助理,论文的第一作者小川顺子说。“我们不知道它是否与患者的原始癌症相似。”

解决的办法可能是人类的大脑器官,其中包含神经元和其他脑细胞。Salk实验室一直在使用干细胞在培养皿中生成这些小的(约4 mm)3D结构,并希望研究如何将其应用于研究GBM。

他们使用CRISPR-Cas9工具在类器官的一些细胞中编辑与癌症密切相关的两个基因HRas和p53。HRas是一种致癌基因,可驱动细胞大量生长,而p53是抑癌剂。换句话说,他们把脚从刹车上踩了下来,踩了油门。

这些类器官在培养皿中变成了肿瘤样结构-它们生长迅速,并具有与GBM相关的几种生物标记。最终,他们接管了类器官,用肿瘤组织取代了原始细胞。另外,它们可以被连续移植到动物模型中,在这些模型中它们也非常具有攻击性。

这种方法具有许多优点。在少数几个细胞中编辑p53和HRas可以更好地复制人中GBM的实际发育方式-它们不是从数千个细胞同时开始(如异种移植)而是一个或两个异常细胞开始。

研究小组在致癌的HRas中添加了荧光红色标记tdTomato。当这些细胞接管类器官时,研究人员可以跟踪它们的进程。另外,当类器官肿瘤被移植到小鼠的大脑中时,它们迅速生长并且类似于从患者身上获得的肿瘤,从而更容易获得样本。

小川说:“您可以表型化小鼠中肿瘤的特性,现在我们可以给它们服用药物,看看它们是否有效。我们还可以测试肿瘤侵袭正常脑组织的能力。”

这些类器官还可以容纳人类肿瘤样品和某些GBM细胞系。该模型可用于个性化护理。研究人员和临床医生可以将患者的癌细胞移植到类器官模型中。结果,他们可以研究肿瘤如何对与患者基因组匹配的细胞产生反应。虽然类器官缺乏内皮细胞和免疫系统(这会使它们更加复杂,并帮助他们更好地复制实际的脑组织),但该模型在研究各种脑转移性癌症(不仅仅是GBM)方面可能非常有用。

261 thoughts on “基因编辑的类器官揭示了致命的脑癌如何生长”

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