一图看懂人工智能、机器学习和深度学习的关系

如果说信息技术是第三次工业革命的核心,那么人工智能所代表的智能则是下一次工业革命的核心力量。

2016年,谷歌阿尔法围棋以4:1战胜围棋世界*、职业九段棋手李世石,不仅让深度学习为人们所知,而且掀起了人工智能的“大众热”。此后,人工智能越来越热,从机器人开发、语音识别、图像识别、自然语言处理到专家系统等不断推陈出新。

同时,人工智能技术越来越多地融入到我们的生活中,出现了智能音箱、智能助理、智能机器人等。

根据应用领域的不同,人工智能研究的技术也不尽相同,目前以机器学习、计算机视觉等成为热门的AI技术方向。但是,平常接触中,很多人分不清人工智能、机器学习、深度学习和强化学习的关系。

简单说,人工智能范围,涵盖机器学习、深度学习和强化学习。如果把人工智能比喻成孩子大脑,那么机器学习是让孩子去掌握认知能力的过程,而深度学习是这种过程中很有效率的一种教学体系。

有人表示,人工智能是目的,是结果;深度学习、机器学习是方法,是工具。

百度百科如此阐释人工智能(Artificial Intelligence),英文缩写为AI。人工智能是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新技术科学。

而机器学习是人工智能的一种途径或子集,它强调学习而不是计算机程序。一台机器使用复杂的算法来分析大量的数据,识别数据中的模式,并做出一个预测——不需要人在机器的软件中编写特定的指令。

机器学习之父Tom Mitchel如此定义机器学习:

每个机器学习都可以被地定义为:1.任务;2.训练过程;3.模型表现P。

而学习过程则可以被拆解为“为了实现任务T”,我们通过训练E,逐步提高表现P的一个过程。

举个例子,让一个模型认识一张图片是猫还是狗(任务T)。为了提高模型的准确度(模型表现P),我们不断给模型提供图片让其学习猫与狗的区别(训练过程E)。在这个学习过程中,我们所得到的*终模型就是机器学习的产物,而训练过程就是学习过程。

而深度学习则是一种实现机器学习的技术,它适合处理大数据。深度学习使得机器学习能够实现众多应用,并拓展了人工智能的领域范畴。

从安防监控、自动驾驶、语音识别到生命科学等等,深度学习以“摧枯拉朽之势”席卷行业。

以语音识别为例,通过机器学习,语音识别能随着时间向用户学习后能达到95%的准确性。但是训练过程是密集的。

而神经网络处理数十亿个口语音频,将语音识别提高到非常高的准确度,同时还能缩短训练时间。此外,语音识别还通过关键词和主题对原始音频进行分类,并识别发言者,这对音频监控具有广泛而深远的影响。

除了深度学习,机器学习中还有非常重要的强化学习。

过去十年,强化学习的大部分应用都在电子游戏方面。未来,在直升机特技飞行、经典游戏、投资管理、发电站控制、让机器人模仿人类行走等领域有着广泛的应用。

334 thoughts on “一图看懂人工智能、机器学习和深度学习的关系”

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